Computer Communications & Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PC Communications and Networks - Essay Example Be that as it may, so as to look at the procedures, strategies and methods, we should initially comprehend the TCP/IP convention suite itself. Thinking about Internet Protocol (IP) first is indispensable in light of the fact that the remainder of the TCP/IP suite is built on the IP. In like manner, it is additionally called as a system that is consolidated for information bundling, moving and directing by means of TCP/IP internetwork (Kozierok 2005). In addition, IP is additionally associated with developing and pressing all information grams along these lines while overseeing them between gadgets in a shrewd manner. Before diving into more detail, the prime target for having a system, internetwork and TCP/IP suits is to enable and empower organizing application. For online openness, these applications are currently operational by means of internet browsers. For example, anybody needs to transfer pictures, sight and sound substance to impart to family, comparably, visiting with compa nions and partners from Internet Relay Chat (IRC) applications. As a rule, a typical interface is currently reachable for making correspondence deliberate. Appropriately, understudy entryways are currently evolved and considered as a proficient instructive intelligent interface for colleges and universities. Moreover, aside from certain models given beforehand, understudy entrances are propelled application packaged with numerous highlights and applications underpins instruction and learning exercises. In the following area, we will investigate organizing ideas for an understudy entrance named as ‘X-stream server’ got to by an understudy from a remote area. The X-Stream Server The principal area for example the inner semantics will concentrate on availability of a PC inside as basic segments of the PC organize must be looks at by an all encompassing methodology as each part adds to the heterogeneous framework (Olifer, 2005). In the event that anybody needs to get to the X-stream server from the home PC, it must be associated with the Internet. The least difficult of investigating steps consolidates the ‘ping’ order. The language structure of the order will be ‘ping (space) (goal address)’, executes by means of order brief. Similarly, ‘tracert’ order can likewise be utilized to give an outline of deferrals from source to the switch alongside start to finish availability to and from the goal (Ross 2009). In any case, numerous gadgets and conventions are incorporated for keeping up and distinguishing the PC and continuing availability. The main focal point in tending to inside semantics is Ethernet. It is viewed as the most famous Local Area Network innovation that is actualized all around (Ethernet. 2007). The Ethernet interfaces with a common transmission medium called as turned pair or a link with a multi-port center point, switch or an extension. Most normally, an Ethernet switch or a DSL switch + Switch is generally normal. A normal Ethernet outline includes six boundaries for example Introduction, goal address, Source address, type, information and CRC (cyclic repetition checking). The preface is answerable for synchronizing clock rates for the beneficiary and the sender. Address is generally six bytes in size and is answerable for recognizing outlines according to the sender and recipient address, it transmits the information in arrange layer convention. In any case, if the match isn't made, it disposes of the casing. Similarly, the sort shows the convention type. Typically it

Business Model Renewal and Ambidexterity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Business Model Renewal and Ambidexterity. Answer: Presentation Enterprise characterizes the limit of planning, creating and running new and inventive undertaking alongside its dangers towards procuring significant level of business benefit (Bae et al. 2012). This examination will grow such a creative business thought and enterprise for building up a pristine undertaking. The investigation will likewise evaluate the achievability examination of the new business. Additionally, the investigation will build up a Trendy Clothing Company in Australia, which will work under material industry, which will give in vogue and interestingly planned attire to the clients. The plan of action of this undertaking will be totally imaginative from other dress organizations in Australian market. This new undertaking will source structure of the apparel from the network clients over the web. In the wake of sourcing sufficient attire plan from the network clients, the association will permit the staffs and clients to score over the structure through web. Along these lines, the association will pick the best and most creative plan put together of high score gave respect to the best structure. Such plan of action will encourage the new undertaking towards offering generally popular and imaginative dress structure dependent on tweaked inclinations of the clients. Moreover, the clients will have the option to buy the apparel of this association both through online channels and retail divisions. As per DaSilva and Trkman (2014), client division is the training, which partitions client base into gatherings of people dependent on their comparable qualities like sexual orientation, age, spending, inclinations, intrigue and others. Then again, Casadesus?Masanell and Zhu (2013) opined that client division characterizes the division of potential clients in a specific market into discrete gatherings. The new stylish garments organization will target for the most part adolescent and youthful clients for offering profoundly in vogue garments. Also, the undertaking will serve the clients having profoundly complex life. The imaginative plan of the apparel will give the clients a sentiment of uniqueness in their every day life and style life. Kastalli and Van Looy (2013) called attention to that incentive characterizes the one of a kind properties inside items and administrations which separate an association from its other adversary association in the market. Then again, Martins, Rindova and Greenbaum (2015) opined that the special estimation of incentive encourages an association to stand apart novel in the market, which adds to its upper hand. The new retail apparel organization will for the most part center around subjective offer for giving novel client esteem. Besides, the association will give one of a kind and creative structure in their garments items. It will give exceptional incentive to the clients, which will encourage it in increasing serious edge. In addition, the uniquely created structure of the garments will make the association capable towards separate itself from other adversary organizations. Besides, the association will likewise offer alluring limits and contributions to the clients for empowering t hem in buying their items. Client Relationships Khanagha, Volberda and Oshri (2014) called attention to that client relationship is the methodology of dealing with the communication of an association with its present or potential clients. This methodology consistently thinks about the worry and issues of the clients towards keeping their fulfilled over the time. If there should be an occurrence of the new retail dress undertaking, the association will keep up network relationship with the clients. In such client relationship, the association will detail a network with the clients through permitting them in contributing their garments condescends in the business procedure and in any event, scoring the plans of the dress. Thusly, the association will keep up direct cooperation with the clients, which encourages in better client relationship. Then again, the new undertaking will likewise keep up co-creation client relationship with the clients. In such relationship, the association will keep up close to home relationship with the cli ents through permitting them in contributing their one of a kind attire plan in a definitive apparel items. It upgrades the estimation of the clients through direct correspondence with them. As indicated by Markides (2013), dispersion channel characterizes the chain of mediators through which merchandise and ventures of an association reach to the end clients. Successful interconnection between the delegates guarantees opportune conveyance of the items to the clients. If there should be an occurrence of new retail undertaking, the garments will be given to the clients both however web based business channels and retail locations. If there should arise an occurrence of internet business, the association will utilize online business circulation habitats for arriving at the items to the clients. Then again, if there should arise an occurrence of retail locations, the attire results of the association will reach to the clients through makers to wholesalers to retailers lastly to clients. According to Zott and Amit (2013), key exercises in an association characterize some huge exercises, which encourage the association in accomplishing significant level of offer. If there should be an occurrence of new garments adventure, the association will viably keep up gracefully chain organize for productively creating imaginative planned garments. Also, the structures of the association will be provided from the network clients for giving exceptionally created an incentive to the client through their last garments items. Then again, the association will likewise successfully keep up client relationship through permitting them in contributing their structure thoughts in the creation procedure of attire. It will really upgrade the estimation of the clients, which will keep them fulfilled through getting exceptionally created an incentive from the dress items. Secret weapons and Key Partners Schneider and Spieth (2013) opined that secret weapons characterize the huge resources of an association, which encourage the association in executing significant level of incentive. Additionally, the distinct advantages are critical for an association toward continuing and supporting the business procedure. If there should arise an occurrence of new garments undertaking, the secret weapons of the association are the network clients, who sources inventive dress structure to a definitive attire items. The hierarchical staffs and clients are likewise noteworthy for picking the best structure got from the network clients. Then again, Maglio and Spohrer (2013) opined that key accomplices are critical for streamlining the business activity and lessening the danger of plan of action. If there should be an occurrence of new attire undertaking, the association will pick network clients as their providers of dress plan. In addition, the association will keep such clients happy with sharing as sociation benefit with them liberally. In will energize the clients towards more than once giving exceptional garments structure in the creation procedure. Thusly, the association will have the option to give client produced an incentive to the clients, which will diminish danger of plan of action. Besides, the association will likewise have the option to concentrate on its center business exercises through sourcing dress plans from the network clients. As indicated by Carayannis, Sindakis and Walter (2015), income stream characterizes the structure square, which speaks to the methods of money age of an association from every one of its client section. If there should be an occurrence of new dress undertaking, the association will choose resource deals income stream for producing gigantic money from the clients. In such resource deal income stream, the clients will buy garments from the undertaking. Additionally, the association will move the possession privileges of the dress it produces to the clients after their buy. The more clients will buy the apparel of new undertaking, the more it will create money from the clients. Amit and Zott (2015) cost structure characterizes the sorts and relative part of fixed and variable cost, which are brought about by an association during business process. If there should arise an occurrence of new dress undertaking, the association will be less worried about the expense. In addition, the association will be progressively worried about making esteems for the attire items to the clients. It will encourage the association towards being extraordinary in the market. In any case, such structure will prompt economies of scale for the association. The one of a kind benefit of attire items will support the clients towards more than once buying them. It will really improve the business volume of the association. Along these lines, the hierarchical cost will go down with expanding creation and buy request from the clients. Least Viable Product (MVP) As indicated by Osiyevskyy and Dewald (2015), least reasonable item characterizes an improvement method where associations grow new items and sites with simply adequate highlights for fulfilling the clients. The items have enough an incentive towards empowering the clients in taking buying choice. Additionally, such advancement method remembers simply enough highlights for the items for fulfilling the clients and do exclude any extra less important items. In like manner, the new undertaking will receive MVP strategy, where it will include top notch only for the dress items. Then again, Ritala and Sainio (2014) opined that MVP procedure request recommendation from the clients towards improving the items. In like manner, the new undertaking request the clients towards giving inventive attire plan to giving particularly planned and uniquely produced dress to them. Key Partners Network clients will provi

Blog Archive Mission Admission How to Address a Layoff

Blog Archive Mission Admission How to Address a Layoff Mission Admission is a series of MBA admission tips; a new one is posted each Tuesday. Many MBA applicants express profound concern about the impact of being laid off. Will the admissions committee view a layoff as a sign of failure? One thing to remember is that  many  candidates share this worryâ€"thousands of MBA candidates worldwide, in fact. For the admissions committees to dismiss all such applicants outright is simply not practical. In addition, the MBA admissions committees know that the current global financial crisis and the subsequent recession are at the root of the problem, not necessarily the individual candidate’s performance. Indeed, layoffs and firings are not the same thing, so admissions committees will examine your application with that in mind, seeking your broader story of success. If you have been caught up in this unfortunate mess, what is important is that you can show that you have made good use of your time since the layoffâ€"studying, volunteering, seeking work, enhancing your skills, etc. Each candidate will react differently, of course, but you need to have a story to tell (whether you are applying in the late rounds or even for next year) of how you made the most of a difficult situation. Share ThisTweet Mission Admission Blog Archive Mission Admission How to Address a Layoff Mission Admission is a series of MBA admission tips; a new one is posted each Tuesday. Many MBA applicants express profound concern about the impact of having been laid off with respect to their business school candidacy. Will the admissions committees view a layoff as a sign of failure? One thing to remember is that  many  candidates share this worryâ€"thousands of MBA candidates worldwide, in fact. For the admissions committees to dismiss all such applicants outright is simply not practical. Moreover, the admissions committees know that the global financial crisis and the subsequent recession are at the root of the problem, not necessarily the individual candidate’s performance. Indeed, layoffs and firings are not the same thing, so admissions committees will examine your application with that in mind, seeking your broader story of success. If you have been caught up in this unfortunate mess, what is important is that you show that you have made good use of your time since the layoffâ€"studying, volunteering, seeking work, enhancing your skills, etc. Each candidate will react differently, of course, but you need to have a story to tell (whether you are applying in the late rounds or even for next year) of how you made the most of a difficult situation. Share ThisTweet Mission Admission Blog Archive Mission Admission How to Address a Layoff Mission Admission is a series of MBA admission tips; a new one is posted each Tuesday. Many MBA applicants worry about the impact having been laid off might have on their business school candidacy. Do the admissions committees view a layoff as a sign of failure? One thing to remember is that  many  MBA candidates share this worryâ€"thousands of them worldwide, in fact. For the admissions committees to dismiss all such applicants outright would simply not be practical. Moreover, the admissions committees know that the global financial crisis and subsequent recession are at the root of the problem, not necessarily the individual candidate’s performance. Indeed, layoffs and firings are not the same thing, so admissions committees will examine your application with that in mind, seeking your broader story. If you find yourself in this situation, what is important is that you show that you have made good use of your time since the layoffâ€"studying, volunteering, seeking work, enhancing your skills, etc. Each candidate will react differently, of course, but you need to have a story to tell (whether you are applying in the late rounds or even for next year) of how you made the most of a difficult situation. Share ThisTweet Mission Admission Blog Archive Mission Admission How to Address a Layoff Mission Admission is a series of MBA admission tips; a new one is posted each Tuesday. Many business school applicants worry about the impact having been laid off might have on their candidacy. Do the admissions committees view a layoff as a sign of failure? One thing to remember is that  many  MBA candidates share this worryâ€"thousands of them worldwide, in fact. For the admissions committees to dismiss all such applicants outright would simply not be practical. Moreover, the admissions committees know that the global financial crisis and subsequent recession are at the root of the problem, not necessarily the individual candidate’s performance. Indeed, layoffs and firings are not the same thing, so admissions committees will examine your application with that in mind, seeking your broader story. If you find yourself in this situation, what is important is that you show that you have made good use of your time since the layoff by studying, volunteering, seeking work, enhancing your skills, etc. Each candidate will react differently, of course, but you need to have a story to tell of how you made the most of a difficult situation. Share ThisTweet Mission Admission Blog Archive Mission Admission How to Address a Layoff Mission Admission is a series of MBA admission tips; a new one is posted each Tuesday. Many business school applicants worry about the impact having been laid off might have on their candidacy. Do the admissions committees view a layoff as a sign of failure? One thing to remember is that  many  MBA candidates share this worryâ€"thousands of them worldwide, in fact. For the admissions committees to dismiss all such applicants outright would simply not be practical. Moreover, the admissions committees know that the global financial crisis and subsequent recession are at the root of the problem, not necessarily the individual candidate’s performance. Indeed, layoffs and firings are not the same thing, so admissions committees will examine your application with that in mind, seeking your broader story. If you find yourself in this situation, what is important is that you show that you have made good use of your time since the layoff by studying, volunteering, seeking work, enhancing your skills, etc. Each candidate will react differently, of course, but you need to have a story to tell of how you made the most of a difficult situation. Share ThisTweet Mission Admission

The events of the 1930’s, or the Great Depression, did the...

The events of the 1930’s, or the Great Depression, did the most to influence contemporary America. During the twenties, America was at its most prosperous economic times until the stock market crashed in 1929. The stock market crash led to a dramatic decline of the U.S. economy. The decline in the economy changed Americans everyday lives. In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president and he created the New Deal to provide relief, recovery and reform. The Depression impacted America in the 1930’s in every aspect of life and still impacts America today. Although contemporary America was shaped by many events that occurred in the 20th century, America was most influenced by the 1930’s because of legislation that improved daily life†¦show more content†¦The longest lasting effect of the depression and New Deal was how the role of the government had expanded. The effects of the Depression during the 1930’s still impact America today. The New Deal was passed to rebuild the economy after the Great Depression. William L. Niemi and David J. Plante discussed the meaning of the new deal to our economy today, â€Å"Under the New Deal regime there were more labor rights, less Supreme Court intervention in the economy, more public accountability in the structure of financial institutions driving the political economy, and a more equitable distribution of wealth†(Plante, Niemi, 413-427). Franklin Roosevelt created the New Deal, which was his plan to take America out of the Depression. He had three goals: relief, reform, and recovery. The New Deal set up policies that help us prevent future economic depressions and achieve long-term recovery. Policies that still stand and affect our economy today are the Securities and Exchange Commissions (SEC) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). The SEC today still regulates the sto ck market and enforces laws that protect the industry. The SEC was used to restore the nations confidence in the economy after the Depression. The FDIC is an important part of America’s financial system. The FDIC was part of the Banking Act of 1933. The FDIC insures banks with a certain amount of money to make it a safer place to put your money in. RooseveltShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise1382 Words   |  6 Pageshis career, Fitzgerald wrote many works, traveled the world, and served in the United States Army. F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote mostly short stories but became famous because of his novel This Side of Paradise and became even more famous because of The Great Gatsby which was released in 1925. The time period in which Fitzgerald lived played an extensive role in his work. 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Law Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3248 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? What is law? Law, in its widest sense, means and involves a uniformity of behavior, a constancy of happenings or a cause of events, rules of action, whether in the phenomena of nature or in the ways rational human beings. In its general sense law means an order of the universe, of events, of things or actions. In simple words, Law may be referred to as a body of rules that are determined and enforced by the state and that are intended to channel behaviour and to resolve certain adverse events. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Law Example For Free" essay for you Create order Thus a legal rule might forbid littering in a park and impose a Rs 500/- fine for its violation, might impose expectation damages for violation of a contract, or might declare murder a crime and punish it with a sentence of atleast of 10 years of imprisonment.[1] The effectiveness of law enforcement depends, other things being equal, on the magnitude of sanctions and on the probability with which they are imposed for violations. The magnitude of sanctions is chosen by the state and can be as high as the wealth of violator if monetary and as a life term if imprisonment. The probability of sanctions depends on the actions of private parties who might bring the suit if the violation is civil and on effort of public enforcement agents, otherwise.[2] Keeping a practical view in mind it is necessary to look into some definitions of law. Definations of Law: According to Salmond à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the law may be defined as the body of the principles recognized and applied by the State in the administration of justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . According to Austin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A law, in the strict sense, is a general command of the sovereign individual or the sovereign body, issued to those in subjectivity and enforced by the physical power of the State. According to Austin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“law is the aggregate of rules set by men as politically superior or sovereign to men as politically subjectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . According to Duguit, law is essentially and exclusively a social fact. It is in no sense a body of rules laying down rights. Foundation of law is in the essential requirements of the community life. Thus Duguits definition gives a moral dimension to law. Holmes J. says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the prophesy of what Courts will do, in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . While Dias says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Law consists largely of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"oughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (normative) propositions prescribing how people o ught to behave. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"oughtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of laws are variously dictated by social, moral, economic, political and other purposesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Thus some definitions ascribe a moral quality to law while some donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do so expressly. Thus it is necessary to look into what is morality. What is morality? Morality may be defined as Conformance to a recognized code, doctrine, or system of rules of what is right or wrong and to behave accordingly. No system of morality is accepted as universal, and the answers to the question What is morality? differ sharply from place to place, group to group, and time to time. For some it means conscious and deliberate effort in guiding ones conduct by reason based on fairness and religious beliefs. For others it is, what the majority then and there happen to like, and immorality is what they dislike.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] Morality may be equated with order and has as its object human actions that are ordere d to one another and to some end. The idea of value (good or end) is the crux of any moral system since the concept of value is a primary concept in the order of our practical concepts, i.e., ultimate in its genus. Hence the moral act is a combination of the subject that makes the act (rational and free act) and the object that is intended (objective goods and values that result from this activity); objectively the moral act is made up of three elements-the object, the end and the circumstance. Therefore rational human nature is the norm of morality, and morality is the transformation of a known order of values. To put it quite succinctly, morality is nothing more than conformity with the rule which regulates human life: namely, the rule of reason. Thus the essence of morality is mans approach to his goal; mans particular goal is the perfection of his spiritual and moral nature and his ultimate goal is union with God.[4] In general a moral rule has it that, when a person obeys th e rule, he will tend to feel the sentiment known as virtue, and if he disobeys the rule he will feel the sentiment known as guilt. A moral rule also has the property that, when a person obeys a rule and is observed to have done so by another party, that party may bestow praise on the first party who will enjoy the praise; and if the person disobeys the rule and is observed to have done so by another party, the second party will tend to disapprove the first party, who will dislike the disapproval.[5] Enforcement of moral rules comes about through internal incentives of virtue for obeying the rules and guilt for not doing so. Enforcement is also effected by external incentives, such as if a person believes that his conduct will be observed by others, who will reward him with praise for doing good or chastise him for not doing so, he will be lead to do good.[6] The effectiveness of enforcement of moral rules depends in part on the magnitude of moral incentives, i.e. on how much g uilt and virtue, and admonition and praise, matter to individuals. The degree to which they matter is shaped by, and determined hand in hand with, socialization and inculcation that governs the absorption of rules themselves. In any case moral sanctions have definite limits. The effectiveness of moral incentives also depends on their likelihood of application, in respect to which one must distinguish the internal from the external moral incentives. The internal incentives of guilt and virtue function automatically for a person knows what he does and cannot hide from it. By contrast external incentives operate only if others observe conduct and respond with praise or disapproval.[7] Thus, with a basic idea of morality being presented, it is necessary to look into the relation between law and morality. A COMPARISION OF LAW AND MORALITY Law brings with itself some reflections of public morality, but can law be separated from morality? The relation between law and morality c an beb understood only after looking at the views of Hart, Fuller and Benthem. Broadly there are two schools, the positivist, which feels that law and morality can be separated and the naturalist which feels the the two are inseperable. Gustav Radbruch, a Jew by birth lived in Germany prior to Second World War. He was a firm believer in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“positivistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  doctrine. After seeing the atrocities perpetrated by Nazi regime on the Jews under Nazi laws he changed his belief and became a staunch supporter of Natural Law Theory and exhorted everybody to discard the doctrine of the separation of law and morals.[8] This was also a provocation for Prof Hart to initiate this discourse. The conflicts faced by the German jurists in post war Germany, is well illustrated by a category of cases which may be called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“informer casesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[9] One such case is discussed by both Prof Hart and Prof Fuller. The case is as under [10] In 1944 a German sold ier came home from far front for a short visit. In his conversation with his wife he criticized the Hitler government and Nazi Party. He even expressed his dismay that the man who attempted to assassinate Hitler did not succeed. During his long absence there were other men in her life and hence she was keen to get rid of her husband. After his departure to war front the wife reported his remarks to the local leader of the Nazi party. The husband was tried by a military tribunal and sentenced to death. However he was not executed. After a short period of imprisonment, he was sent to the front again. After the collapse of the Nazi regime, a case was initiated against for illegally depriving the husband of his freedom. After the collapse of the Nazi regime, the wife was brought to trial for having procured unlawfully the imprisonment of her husband. The wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s defense was that she was required to furnish such information to the authorities under the Nazi statutes an d she did not commit any crime. The court of appeal which decided the case held that the statute under which the wife was claiming protection was contrary to the sound conscience and sense of justice of all decent human beings.[11] Hence it was reasoned that she could not be given protection under such statute. This reasoning became a precedent in many other informer cases. This reasoning was followed in many cases which have been hailed as a triumph of the doctrines of natural law and as signaling the overthrow of positivism.[12] According to Prof Hart there were only two options: a) to let the woman go free because the statute protected her; b) to make a retrospective legislation repealing the statute under which she claimed protection.[13] Because retrospective legislation is anathema in most criminal justice system the woman should have been allowed to go free if integrity of judicial principles was to be preserved. Prof Hart considers it a cardinal mistake of the Court of Ap peal to introduce the concept of morality of the law, under which she was claiming protection, to say that law was no law at all. Professor Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s views Prof Hart believes in the theories of law as put forward by jurists like Bentham and Austin. These jurists propounded utilitarian theory of law. Bentham and Austin, constantly insisted on the need to distinguish, firmly and with the maximum of clarity, law as it is from law as it ought to be.[14] Austin formulated the doctrine: The existence of law is one thing; its merit or demerit is another.[15] A judge deciding a case should go by law as it is. Prof. Hart points out that all cases may not fall exactly within the law as it is which he calls the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"coreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. There will be cases in the penumbra of law. Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view is that morals can be an influential factor in deciding cases in the penumbra. Bentham criticized Natural Law theory on the ground that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… “the natural tendency of such a doctrine is to impel a man, by the force of conscience, to rise up in arms against any law whatever that he happens not to likeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[16] Bentham also feared that under natural law theory courts might be legally bound to decide in accordance with what they thought just or best.[17] Such an approach can lead to all round confusion. Prof Hart presents the discussion of separation of law and morals as a problem of separating à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“law as it isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“law as it ought to beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . He criticizes natural law thinkers for ignoring this difference. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Prof Hart identifies the essentials of positivism as the following:[18] (i) The contention that laws are commands of human beings, (ii) The contention that there is no necessary connection between law and morals or law as it is and ought to be (iii) A legal system is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“closed logical systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in whi ch correct legal decisions can be deduced by logical means from predetermined legal rules without reference to social aims, policies, moral standards, Prof Hart also deals with the issue lack of precision in the words used in any human language and the role of this factor in judicial interpretation. While applying legal rules to the facts of a case it become necessary quite often to decide the meaning of the words in a statute and to decide whether the words used covers the facts to be decided. Sometime à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“standard instancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the words may not be sufficient to give proper effect to the law. Prof Hart calls these as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“problems of the penumbraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[19] Problems of penumbra cannot be solved by logical deduction. The criterion which makes a decision sound in such cases is some concept of what the law ought to be.[20] This is where a moral judgment is made about what law ought to be. This is called by Prof. Hart as necessary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“intersection between law and moralsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[21] Prof Fullerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s views: Fuller on the other hand believes in the Natural Theory of Law and the moral foundations of a legal order. So for him law should always conform to the idea of Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s justice. He emphasizes the view point that fidelity to law can be achieved only if law is consistent with morals at all stages that is during its making and during its application by the court whether the case is in the core or the penumbra of law. The primary concern of Prof Hart is to preserve the integrity of the concept of law.[22] For Prof Fuller fidelity to law is of utmost importance. He argues that there will be fidelity to law only if laws are consistent with moral values of the people who have to follow law. People comply with law only if they are convinced that the law is for common good. That is to say for achieving fidelity to law, Law should have moral foundations. The Balance The conflict between law and morals came to sharp focus in the predicament faced by the German Court after the collapse of the Nazi Regime. It was not possible to declare all the laws made by the Nazi regime and actions of citizens in conformity with such laws to be illegal. This would have resulted in total destabilization of the society. On the other hand some of the laws made by Nazi regime was so repulsive to human morals that there was a need for disapproving actions taken in conformity with such wicked laws. There was also a need to send a message that the new regime does not approve all the wicked laws of the Nazi regime Thus on the one hand, there was a moral duty to obey law. On the other hand, there was a moral duty to do what people thought (after the war) was right and decent. The fundamental postulate of positivism that law must be strictly severed from morality seems to deny the possibility of any bridge between the obligation to obey law and other moral obligations.[23] Thus the German Courts faced a serious dilemma in restoring both respect for law and respect for justice. Essentially Radbruch saw the dilemma as that of meeting the demands of order, on the one hand, and those of good order, on the other.[24] Order by itself is no good unless it serves some purpose for the society. So we should not get obsessed with just order. At the same time in the process of seeking good order we should lose order itself leading to anarchy. As we seek to make our order good, we can remind ourselves that justice itself is impossible without order, and that we must not lose order itself in the attempt to make it good.[25] Thus we must strive for a balance. Homosexuality: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“God created Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [26] This quote summarises the attitude of morality developed along the lines of religion with regard to homosexuality. The Church has always condemned the practice of homosexuality vehemently. T he Bible preaches that a man may not lie with a man in a way he lies with a woman.[27] Unlike the West, the Hindu society does not have the concept of sexual orientation that classifies males on the basis of who they desire. However, there is a strong, ancient concept of third gender, which is for individuals who have strong elements of both male and female in them. Sexuality between men (as distinct from third genders) has nevertheless thrived, mostly unspoken, informally, within mens spaces, without being seen as different in the way its seen in the West. [28] In India homosexuality was criminalized in 1861 by the Britishers through Section 377 of the India Penal Code. It criminalized carnal intercourse. Contemporary to the global movements for giving rights to the homosexuals, the Indian movement has also been running. In 2009 it got a huge success when the High Court of Delhi in Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT Delhi ruled the Section 377 of IPC as unconstitutional and th us decriminalized homosexuality. But in 2013 the Supreme Court of India overruled the judgement of the High Court of Delhi and recriminalized homosexuality. In the modern Indian society those opposing homosexuality argue that it is against morality and Indian culture. However if one delves into history one would easily find out that this homophobia was part of a more generalized attack on Indian sexual mores and practices undertaken by British missionaries as well as educators. It is evident not only in the anti-sodomy law introduced by the British in the Indian Penal Code of 1860 but also in the deliberate heterosexualization of entire literary canons and genres. This is one reason why modern institutions such as the police force, and educational as well as religious organizations today typically respond to same-sex unions with horror and even violence.[29] Thus, a slow and gradual change in morals lead to an inherent opposition among a large of population against homosexu ality. This subsequently impacted the law as well. These acts of consensual homosexuality, which was once recognized as acceptable in the society thus became totally unacceptable. The major argument against the validity of Section 377 of the IPC in the Naz Foundation cases was that it violated right to life under Article 21, since the acts were consensual acts. Thus it was argued that since this rule violated a constitutional law which are part of the very basic laws of the land, the section should be declared void. However, on the other hand inspite of the fact that Section 377 of IPC is not contained in the chapter of offences against morality and is instead contained in the chapter on offences against body it was argued that these acts violated morality. Finally Section 377 was declared to be valid by the Supreme Court. Thus it is quite clear morality influenced the law against homosexuality. [1] Steven Shavell, Law versus Morality as Regulators of Conduct, 4 American Law Economic Review at 229. [2] Ibid. [3] Morality, Business Dictionary, https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/morality.html#ixzz3ViKuh0pt , Accessed On 18th March, 2015. [4] Jurisprudence Law and Morality, Marquette Law Review, 1953, Vol 36, 319. [5] Steven Shavell, Law versus Morality as Regulators of Conduct, 4 American Law Economic Review at 230. [6] Ibid. [7] Supra note 5 at 232. [8] H.L.A. Hart, Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals, 71 Harvard.Law.Review, 616 (1958) [9] Lon L. Fuller, Positivism and Fidelity to Law -A Reply to Professor Hart, 71 Harvarad Law Review, 658 (1958) [10] Supra note 8 at 618-619. [11] Supra note 8 at 619. [12] Ibid [13] Ibid [14] Supra note 8 at 594. [15] Id at 596. [16] Ibid.; See also BENTHAM. , A COMMENT ON THE COMMENTAR1ES 49 (1928) [17] Id. At 599. [18] Supra note 8 at 601-602. [19] Id. At 607. [20] Supra note 8 at 608. [21] Ibid. [22] Supra note 9 at 635. [23] Supra note 9 at 656. [24] Supra note 9 at 657. [25] Ibid. [26] Victoria Clarke, What about the children? arguments against lesbian and gay parenting,Womens Studies International Forums, 555-570 (2001) [27] Tennessee Nashville, The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church 161G (The United Methodist Publishing House 2010). [28] S Asthana and R. Oostvogels , The social construction of male homosexuality in India, February 15th 2014, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953600001672 [29] Ruth Vanita, Same-sex wedings, Hindu traditions and modern India, Feminist Review, No. 91, pp. 47-60, (2009)

The Importance of Being Earnest Essay - 1439 Words

A Trivial Comedy for Serious People Oscar Wilde mocked his audience while he entertained them. Perhaps his most loved and well-known work, The Importance of Being Earnest, satirises the manners and affections of the upper-class Victorian society. Satire is a literary tone used to ridicule or make fun of human vice or weakness, usually with the intent of changing or correcting the subject of the satirical attack. The play focuses on the elite, while making fun of the ludicrousness and extremity of their behaviour. By employing many different types of humour, including witticisms, sarcasm and irony, Wilde produced, arguably, the most popular and enduring pieces of social satire to ever surface from the Victorian era. The major target†¦show more content†¦Although the characters in The Importance of Being Earnest strive to be respectable, none actually believe in the socially-set standards. As subset of the theme of values, Wilde explores in depth what it means to have a dual identity in Victorian society. Wilde himself knew the nature of the double life, having indulging in activities that were illegal and vilified by â€Å"respectable† society while appearing to be a husband and father in a traditional household. The theme of a double life of outward respectability while secretly transgressing society’s moral code is central to the plot of the Importance of Being Earnest. This is epitomised by the concept of â€Å"Bunburying†. Bunburying is, defined by Algernon, an elaborate lie allowing one to misbehave or escape social obligations while appearing respectable and dutiful. This idea is summed up in the text when Jack quips â€Å"When one is in town one amuses oneself. When one is in the country one amuses other people.† Through Jack’s wit, Wilde suggests that duplicity is an essential part of existence in late-Victorian society. Bot h Jack and Algernon struggle to remain free of the restrictions of Victorian convention.Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest759 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance doesn’t Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde is a satire, comedy play of the Victorian Age. The Importance of Being Earnest follows two main characters, Earnest and Algernon, who live double lives. During his play Wilde makes fun of some of the standards and the way of life during that time. One of the common traits of the time was deception. Wilde’s play has a common occurrence of deception through the play’s plot line, trivial lies, and a character’s point of view on deception. Wilde’sRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest800 Words   |  4 PagesOscar Wilde, the writer of The Importance of Being Earnest, celebrated the Victorian Era society while criticizing it in his play. 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Throughout the play, Wilde uses a mix of social drama, melodrama and farce to appeal to the audience. Through his gentle use of parody Wilde is able to ridicule his con temporaries and attack the values and attitudes of Victorian society

Chicano Nationalism Essay Example For Students

Chicano Nationalism Essay Chicano as defined by the American Heritage Dictionary , is a Mexican-American. Nationalism, as defined by the same publication, is devotion to the interests or particular culture of a particular nation. So by definition, we can infer that Chicano Nationalism is an interest in either the Mexican or American culture by a Mexican American, which is not a very concise definition. Before we can begin to define Chicano Nationalism, we must first define what is it to be a Chicano. In its simplest form, the American Heritage Dictionarys definition of a Chicano is correct, but there is much more to it than being a Mexican-American. It is a realization of ones past, present and future; realizing how far the culture has come, and how far it has yet to go. It is not only living the duality of both being a Mexican and an American, but also the multiplicity of being a descendant from any number of tribes and nationalities of people that have peppered the landscape of North and Central America ove r hundreds of years. There is no one distinct definition of being a Chicano, but an ever-evolving sense of being that at once combines heritage, personal beliefs, culture, politics and nationality. Defining nationalism, although not as simple as American Heritage Dictionarys definition, is an easier definition to ascertain. As it refers to the Chicano, nationalism has to do with a strong belief in ones heritage, their homeland, the oppression felt be their people, the belief in the self as a nation, the sense of community, equal rights, and the right to exist and follow ones roots. The concept of Chicano nationalism is one that Chicano writers have expressed their views upon in many ways. With analysis of Lorna Dee Cervantes Poem For The Young White Man Who Asked Me How I, An Intelligent, Well-Read Person Could Believe In The War Between The Races and Corky Gonzales I Am Joaquin the reader will be exposed to two examples from each poem of the key elements of Chicano nationalism. These key elements will provide the reader with a greater understanding of how writers in this period exemplified Chicano nationalism. Cervantes begins her poem with the lines, In my land, there are no distinctions. The barbed wire politics of oppression have been torn down long ago. The only reminder of past battles, lost or won, is a slight rutting in the fertile lands. This first stanza sets the tone for the poem as Cervantes chooses to take a stand by trumpeting the virtues of her own homeland, rather than downplay the misgivings present in our society. The line In my land, there are no distinctions is an obvious reference to the class structure that is prevalent in our (United States) society. It is this class structure, or modernized caste system, that divides people and puts them in a position to oppress or be oppressed. Hence we have an example of Chicano nationalism in that invariably the Anglos have always risen to power and oppressed those that are on the lower rungs of the caste system, with Chicanos being a prominent member of that group. To further exemplify this inference of exclusion, we look to Hector Calderon in his essay Chicano Literary Studies Past, Present and Future , where he states, the disparity between the privileged and underprivileged in this countryincluding Chicanos, Mexican-Americans (the term is resurfacing) and millions of other Mexicans and other Latino groupshas never been greater. He further states that There exists, however, the real possibility that some regions of this country, especially in the case of California.will be composed of a ruling minority and an underprivileged majority. Calderon is stating that Anglo oppression, though not nearly as blatant as it was in the mid to late 1900s is just as prevalent, if not more prevalent today. As the Chicano population increases in California, by all rights, so too should the political clout of the Chicano, and that is just not the case. The question then arises as to whether Cervantes is writing this poem merely from the stand point of a person of Chicano decent, or are we to take this poem as not only a comment on the oppression of the Chicano, but also of the women in the Chicano culture. If we analyze the fifth stanza of the poem, we begin to see that Cervantes speaks of being marginalized not only because of her Chicano heritage, but also because of her gender. Im marked by the color of my skin. The bullets are designed to kill slowly. They are aiming at my children. These are facts. Let me show you my wounds, my stumbling mind, my excuse me tongue and this nagging preoccupation with the feeling of not being good enough. The stanza starts out as an obvious statement about the oppression of the Chicano people, but each progressive line has the undertone of gender oppression as well. Cervantes stumbling mind and excuse me tongue may very well be the product of living within a culture where the womens plight takes a back seat to the tribulations of the men. The nagging preoccupation with the feeling of not being good enough may stem from years of being told that she was not good enough to be the bread-winner in the family, or that a college education is not the type of thing that a Chicano woman should pursue. It is no secret that the Chicano woman has had to make greater strides towards equality than the Chicano male, yet as late as the 1970s it was unheard of for Chicano woman to speak out about their concerns. By placing her Chicano feminist perspective within a poem about the inequities suffered by the Chicano people at large, Cervantes may have felt that her message was being played to a much larger audience. As Tey Diana Rebolledo states in the Introduction to Infinite Divisions In the main, the Chicanas concerns for and about political and social oppression arising from long years of communal experience, are, according to Herrera-Sobek primary vectors structuring many of their works. S o we can infer from Rebolledos quote that Cervantes view was not only shaped by her experiences as a Chicano, but also from time spent watching her mothers generation and her grandmothers generation lead their lives in what may be called a sub-serviant fashion, to the men of their society. here ya go...have fun EssayGonzales further exemplifies the sense of Anglo oppression throughout the poem, and at times mixes it with a strong sense of heritage and community. The following stanza is from the last two pages of the poem, The part of blood that is mine has labored endlessly five hundred years under the heel of lustful Europeans. I am still here! I have endured in the rugged mountains of our country. I have survived the toils and slavery of the fields. I have existed in the barrios of the city, in the suburbs of bigotry, in the mines of social snobbery, in the prisons of dejection, in the muck of exploitation and in the fierce heat of racial hatred. This stanza brings to light every aspect of Chicano nationalism that Gonzales echoed throughout the poem. All at once we have the heritage of the Chicano people who labored endlessly through Europeans ravishing their cities and people in search of gold and other treasures, all the while contaminating the blood of all futur e generation. We also have the sense of community that comes from living in a barrio of the city and experiencing the prisons of dejection that is forced upon the Chicano by the Anglo oppressors. We also have the belief in the self as a nation, the self-surviving the toils and slavery of the fields. Gonzales is stating implicitly that the Chicano is a culmination of experiences, both good and bad, that determines the make-up of a people. In the face of all of the turmoil that prevents Joaquin from truly knowing which culture he belongs to, he is presented with the simple concept that he is all cultures and all people. By adopting those cultures and taking pride in his heritage, Joaquin begins to understand that he is simply, Joaquin. In summation, Lorna Dee Cervantes Poem For The Young White Man Who Asked Me How I, An Intelligent, Well-Read Person Could Believe In The War Between The Races and Corky Gonzales I Am Joaquin are two perfect examples of Chicano nationalist poems in that they tie in the major aspects of Chicano nationalism (heritage, political marginalization, Anglo oppression, self as nation, community, equal rights and the right to follow your roots) with the central focus of the poem. As Susan Bassnett states in her essay Bilingual Poetry: A Chicano Phenomenon , there is a Latin American tradition of the poet who occupies a prominent place in the struggle for freedom and national unity, and as Cervantes and Gonzales demonstrated, the poets role in Latin America has not been diminished. Bibliography:Berube, Margery S., et all; The American Heritage Dictionary Second Edition; Houghton Mifflin Company; Boston, Mass, 1985Fernandez, Maria Elena; Chicana/o Studies 380 Reader; CSUN Press, Northridge, Ca; 2001Calderon, Hector; Chicano Literary Studies Past, Present and Future; Left Politics and the Literary Profession; Columbia Press; New York, NY; 1990Rebolledo, Tey Dianna; Infinite Divisions; University of Arizona Press; AZ 1991